Bhushan, Bharat. "Nanomedicine—Nanotechnology in Medicine." Springer Handbook of Nanotechnology, Springer, 2010, pp. 1407-1433. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-02525-9_47.
Li, Xiao, et al. "Advances in Regenerative Medicine: Nanotechnology Applications in Tissue Engineering." Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology, vol. 8, 2020, pp. 716, doi:10.3389/fbioe.2020.00716.
National Cancer Institute. "Nanotechnology in Cancer Treatment." National Cancer Institute, www.cancer.gov/nano/cancer-treatment. Accessed 14 May. 2024.
Santos, Anderson, et al. "Nanoparticles for Targeted Cancer Therapy." International Journal of Molecular Sciences, vol. 21, no. 10, 2020, pp. 3792, doi:10.3390/ijms21103792.
Tibbitt, Mark W., and Robert Langer. "Emerging Frontiers in Drug Delivery." Journal of the American Chemical Society, vol. 138, no. 3, 2016, pp. 704-717, doi:10.1021/jacs.5b11498.
Tian, Bo, et al. "Nanobots: Perspectives and Challenges in Biomedical Applications." Current Opinion in Biotechnology, vol. 64, 2020, pp. 153-160, doi:10.1016/j.copbio.2020.05.003.
Wagner, Victoria, et al. "Nanomedicine: Current Developments and Future Perspectives." Angewandte Chemie International Edition, vol. 55, no. 29, 2016, pp. 8098-8112, doi:10.1002/anie.201506924.
Zhang, Li, et al. "Nanotechnology-based Vaccines: Emerging Concepts and Applications." Nature Nanotechnology, vol. 14, no. 11, 2019, pp. 1024-1040, doi:10.1038/s41565-019-0508-1.
"Advances in Functional MRI: Brain Activity in Real Time." National Institutes of Health, www.nih.gov/research-fmri. Accessed 21 May. 2024.
"Medical Imaging and Radiation Exposure." Radiological Society of North America, www.rsna.org/technology-and-radiation. Accessed 21 May. 2024.
"Medical Imaging in Cancer Care." American Cancer Society, www.cancer.org/cancer/cancer-care/imaging. Accessed 21 May. 2024.
"Medical Imaging in Research and Clinical Trials." National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, www.nibib.nih.gov/research/medical-imaging. Accessed 21 May. 2024.
Nehra, Ashutosh, et al. "Recent Advances in Medical Imaging Techniques." Journal of Medical Imaging and Radiation Sciences, vol. 49, no. 2, 2018, pp. 139-145, doi:10.1016/j.jmir.2017.11.001.
Parizel, Paul M., et al. "3D Imaging and Virtual Reality in Medical Education and Planning." European Journal of Radiology, vol. 93, 2017, pp. 1-8, doi:10.1016/j.ejrad.2017.05.017.
Zhou, Yuyu, et al. "Radiation Risk from Medical Imaging: A Review of Methods and Advancements." Journal of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, vol. 10, no. 5, 2019, pp. 341-350, doi:10.1007/s00330-019-06313-7.
Answers about Alexander Fleming. https://www.answers.com/t/alexander-fleming Answers about Alexander Fleming. https://www.answers.com/t/alexander-fleming
Conlon-Bingham, Geraldine Mary, et al. "Effects of Antibiotic Cycling Policy on Incidence of Healthcare-Associated MRSA and <Em>Clostridioides Difficile</Em> Infection in Secondary Healthcare Settings." 2019, https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2501.180111.
"All of Us Research Program." National Institutes of Health, www.joinallofus.org. Accessed 28 May 2024.
"Human Genome Project Completion: Frequently Asked Questions." National Human Genome Research Institute, www.genome.gov/about-genomics/fact-sheets/Human-Genome-Project-Completion-Frequently-Asked-Questions. Accessed 28 May 2024.
"Pharmacogenomics: Precision Medicine and Drug Response." U.S. Food and Drug Administration, www.fda.gov/drugs/science-and-research-drugs/pharmacogenomics. Accessed 28 May 2024.
"Precision Medicine in Cancer Treatment." National Cancer Institute, www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/types/precision-medicine. Accessed 28 May 2024.
"Trastuzumab (Herceptin) for Breast Cancer." American Cancer Society, www.cancer.org/cancer/breast-cancer/treatment/targeted-therapy.html. Accessed 28 May 2024.
"Understanding Pharmacogenomics." National Institute of General Medical Sciences, www.nigms.nih.gov/education/fact-sheets/Pages/pharmacogenomics.aspx. Accessed 28 May 2024.
"Alexander Fleming and the Accidental Discovery of Penicillin." Smithsonian Magazine, www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/alexander-fleming-and-the-accidental-discovery-of-penicillin-150979562. Accessed 6 June 2025.
"Antibiotic Resistance and the Threat to Public Health." World Health Organization, www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/antibiotic-resistance. Accessed 6 June 2025.
"How Penicillin Was Mass-Produced During World War II." American Chemical Society, www.acs.org/content/acs/en/education/whatischemistry/landmarks/flemingpenicillin.html. Accessed 6 June 2025.
"Penicillin: Medicine's Wartime Wonder Drug." PBS, www.pbs.org/newshour/health/penicillin-medicines-wartime-wonder-drug. Accessed 6 June 2025.
"Penicillin: The First Miracle Drug." National Institutes of Health, www.nih.gov/about-nih/what-we-do/nih-almanac/penicillin-first-miracle-drug. Accessed 6 June 2025.
"Aspirin: Turn-of-the-Century Miracle Drug." Bayer, www.bayer.com/en/innovation/aspirin-history. Accessed 11 June 2025.
"Cardiovascular Benefits of Aspirin." American Heart Association, www.heart.org/en/news/2021/07/22/cardiovascular-benefits-of-aspirin. Accessed 11 June 2025.
"Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs)." National Institutes of Health, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK547742. Accessed 11 June 2025.
"Can Aspirin Prevent Cancer?" National Cancer Institute, www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/research/aspirin-cancer-prevention. Accessed 11 June 2025.
"Research on Aspirin’s Potential to Prevent Alzheimer's Disease." Alzheimer's Association, www.alz.org/alzheimers-dementia/research/aspirin. Accessed 11 June 2025.
"Risks and Benefits of Aspirin Therapy." Mayo Clinic, www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/aspirin-therapy/about/pac-20384505. Accessed 11 June 2025.
Conlon-Bingham, Geraldine Mary, et al. "Effects of Antibiotic Cycling Policy on Incidence of Healthcare-Associated MRSA and <Em>Clostridioides Difficile</Em> Infection in Secondary Healthcare Settings." 2019, https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2501.180111.
Bulk ASPIRIN (ASA) Supply for Manufacturing - Best Prices Guaranteed. https://aavelonepharma.com/products/aspirin-asa/
Answers about Alexander Fleming. https://www.answers.com/t/alexander-fleming
"Mary Mallon (Typhoid Mary) and the History of Typhoid Fever." Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, www.cdc.gov/typhoid-fever/mary-mallon.html. Accessed 17 June 2025.
Bourdain, Anthony. "The Strange Case of Typhoid Mary." PBS NewsHour, www.pbs.org/newshour/health/the-strange-case-of-typhoid-mary. Accessed 17 June 2025.
Soper, George A. "The Curious Career of Typhoid Mary." American Journal of Public Health, vol. 17, no. 9, 1927, pp. 929-934, doi:10.2105/AJPH.17.9.929. Accessed 17 June 2025.
Leavitt, Judith W. Typhoid Mary: Captive to the Public’s Health. Beacon Press, 1996.
"Public Health Lessons from the Story of Typhoid Mary." National Institutes of Health, www.nih.gov/news-events/news-releases/public-health-lessons-story-typhoid-mary. Accessed 17 June 2025.
"Hippocrates and the Development of Medicine." National Institutes of Health, www.nih.gov/hippocrates-and-medicine-history. Accessed 24 June 2025.
"History of the Hippocratic Oath." American Medical Association, www.ama-assn.org/delivering-care/ethics/history-hippocratic-oath. Accessed 24 June 2025.
"Hippocrates: The Father of Modern Medicine." World History Encyclopedia, www.worldhistory.org/Hippocrates. Accessed 24 June 2025.
Leff, Samuel. Hippocrates: A Pioneer in Medicine. Oxford University Press, 1998.
Nutton, Vivian. Ancient Medicine. 2nd ed., Routledge, 2012.
"Ancient Medicine: Bloodletting and the Four Humors." National Institutes of Health, www.nih.gov/ancient-medicine-bloodletting. Accessed 1 July 2025.
"Galen and the History of Bloodletting." World History Encyclopedia, www.worldhistory.org/article/1010/galen-and-the-history-of-bloodletting. Accessed 1 July 2025.
Nutton, Vivian. Ancient Medicine. 2nd ed., Routledge, 2012.
"Bloodletting: Past and Present." Smithsonian Magazine, www.smithsonianmag.com/history/bloodletting-past-and-present-180956467. Accessed 1 July 2025.
Leff, Samuel. The History of Bloodletting in Medicine. Oxford University Press, 2000.
"Ancient Herbal Remedies: The Healing Power of Plants." National Institutes of Health, www.nih.gov/ancient-herbal-remedies. Accessed 8 July 2025.
"Clay and Earth in Traditional Healing Practices." Smithsonian Magazine, www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/clay-and-earth-in-healing-180957367. Accessed 8 July 2025.
"Prehistoric Medicine: Plants, Animals, and Earth." World History Encyclopedia, www.worldhistory.org/prehistoric-medicine. Accessed 8 July 2025.
Nutton, Vivian. Ancient Medicine. 2nd ed., Routledge, 2012.
"How Prehistoric Diet and Fasting Contributed to Health." The British Museum, www.britishmuseum.org/prehistoric-diet-and-health. Accessed 8 July 2025.
"Automation in Pharmaceutical Manufacturing." International Society for Pharmaceutical Engineering (ISPE), www.ispe.org/pharmaceutical-engineering/automation. Accessed 15 July 2025.
"Pharmaceutical Manufacturing: The Role of Programmable Logic Controllers (PLC) and Distributed Control Systems (DCS)." Pharma Manufacturing, www.pharmamanufacturing.com/articles/2021/plc-dcs-pharma. Accessed 15 July 2025.
"Sanitation and Cleanroom Practices in Pharmaceutical Production." U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), www.fda.gov/cleanroom-practices-and-sanitation. Accessed 15 July 2025.
"Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) and Manufacturing Execution Systems (MES) in Pharma." Pharmaceutical Technology, www.pharmaceutical-technology.com/scada-mes-systems-pharma. Accessed 15 July 2025.
"How Automation Engineers Regulate Pharmaceutical Manufacturing." BioPharma Engineering, www.biopharma-engineering.com/automation-engineering-in-pharma. Accessed 15 July 2025.
According to information discussed in class by Mr. Martinez on August 22, 2024 the ideas and mechanisms of water's properities on a microscopic level was explained.
"CRISPR: Gene Editing and Beyond." National Institutes of Health, www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/crispr-gene-editing-and-beyond. Accessed 30 Aug. 2025.
"How CRISPR Is Used to Cure Genetic Disorders." American Society of Gene and Cell Therapy, www.asgct.org/crispr-genetic-disorders. Accessed 30 Aug. 2025.
"Gene Editing with CRISPR to Cure Sickle Cell Anemia and Beta-Thalassemia." Nature Medicine, www.nature.com/articles/crispr-blood-disorders. Accessed 30 Aug. 2025.
"Ethical Considerations of CRISPR in Human Gene Editing." World Health Organization, www.who.int/ethics/topics/crispr-gene-editing. Accessed 30 Aug. 2025.
"CRISPR and Genetic Blindness: A New Frontier." National Eye Institute, www.nei.nih.gov/crispr-genetic-blindness. Accessed 30 Aug. 2025.
"Accutane (Isotretinoin) and Its Use in Treating Severe Acne." American Academy of Dermatology Association, www.aad.org/public/diseases/acne/causes/accutane. Accessed 7 Sept. 2025.
"Isotretinoin: Benefits, Risks, and Side Effects." U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), www.fda.gov/drugs/accutane-isotretinoin-information. Accessed 7 Sept. 2025.
"Isotretinoin: A Life-Changing Acne Treatment with Serious Risks." National Institutes of Health, www.nih.gov/news-events/isotretinoin-life-changing-acne-treatment. Accessed 7 Sept. 2025.
"Accutane and Its Effects on Mental Health and Birth Defects." Mayo Clinic, www.mayoclinic.org/accutane-risks-birth-defects. Accessed 7 Sept. 2025.
"Accutane and Mental Health Risks." National Alliance on Mental Illness (NAMI), www.nami.org/learn-more/mental-health-conditions/accutane-risks. Accessed 7 Sept. 2025.
"History of Ibuprofen." Royal Society of Chemistry, www.rsc.org/learn-chemistry/resource/res00001363/history-of-ibuprofen. Accessed 15 Sept. 2025.
"Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs)." U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), www.fda.gov/drugs/postmarket-drug-safety-information-patients-and-providers/nonsteroidal-anti-inflammatory-drugs-nsaids. Accessed 15 Sept. 2025.
"How Ibuprofen Was Discovered." Boots UK, www.boots.com/ibuprofen-history. Accessed 15 Sept. 2025.
"Ibuprofen: Uses, Dosage, and Side Effects." Mayo Clinic, www.mayoclinic.org/drugs-supplements/ibuprofen-oral-route/description/drg-20070602. Accessed 15 Sept. 2025.
"Pain Relief Options: Ibuprofen vs. Acetaminophen." Cleveland Clinic, www.clevelandclinic.org/pain-relief-ibuprofen-acetaminophen. Accessed 15 Sept. 2025.
Fentanyl
"Fentanyl: The Facts." U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), www.fda.gov/drugs/information-drug-class/fentanyl-opioid-overview. Accessed 22 Sept. 2025.
"Fentanyl and Its Role in Pain Management." National Institutes of Health (NIH), www.nih.gov/news-events/fentanyl-pain-management. Accessed 22 Sept. 2025.
"Understanding the Risks of Fentanyl Misuse." Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), www.cdc.gov/drugoverdose/opioids/fentanyl.html. Accessed 22 Sept. 2025.
"Fentanyl: Uses, Side Effects, and Addiction Risks." Mayo Clinic, www.mayoclinic.org/drugs-supplements/fentanyl. Accessed 22 Sept. 2025.
"Fentanyl Overdose and Withdrawal Symptoms." American Addiction Centers, www.americanaddictioncenters.org/fentanyl/overdose-symptoms. Accessed 22 Sept. 2025.
Falkowski, Paul G. Life’s Engines: How Microbes Made Earth Habitable. Princeton University Press, 2015.
Holland, Heinrich D. The Oxygenation of the Atmosphere and Oceans. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, vol. 361, no. 1470, 2006, pp. 903-915.
Kopp, Robert E., et al. "The Paleoproterozoic Snowball Earth: A Climate Disaster Triggered by the Evolution of Oxygenic Photosynthesis." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 102, no. 32, 2005, pp. 11131-11136.
Lane, Nick. Oxygen: The Molecule that Made the World. Oxford University Press, 2002.
Lyons, Timothy W., et al. "Oxygenation of the Archean Ocean and Its Environmental Implications." Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, vol. 42, 2014, pp. 249-278.
Margulis, Lynn. Symbiosis in Cell Evolution: Life and Its Environment on the Early Earth. W.H. Freeman, 1993.
Paerl, Hans W., and Timothy G. Otten. "Harmful Cyanobacterial Blooms: Causes, Consequences, and Controls." Microbial Ecology, vol. 65, no. 6, 2013, pp. 995-1010.
Schopf, J. William. Cradle of Life: The Discovery of Earth’s Earliest Fossils. Princeton University Press, 1999.
Photosynthesis: Simplified Part 1
AP Biology Coursework 2024-2025
Photosynthesis: Simplified Part 2
AP Biology Coursework 2024-2025
AP Biology Coursework 2024-2025
https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1L9P58VQ1FmVPP2cHsKC5uJQ8UPSE8LjoMgXvHr1OqVg/edit?usp=sharing
Harvard Forest. Pigment. Harvard University, 2024,
https://harvardforest.fas.harvard.edu/leaves/pigment.
ScienceDirect. "Plant Pigments." ScienceDirect, Elsevier,
Green Pest Services. "Why Are Pests Attracted to Certain Colors?" Green Pest Services,
https://greenpestservices.net/why-are-pests-attracted-to-certain-colors/.
N/A
Cellular (Aerobic) Respiration
AP Biology Coursework (CED) 2024-2025
Anaerobic Respiration
AP Biology Coursework 2024-2025
Cell Communication
AP Biology Coursework (CED) 2024-2025
Adrenaline
AP Biology Coursework (CED) 2024-2025
AP Chemistry Coursework 2023-2024
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1-obfOa-OXq6nQuUmoN-Hjmabg92oJW1v3j8UZX31ybY/edit?usp=sharing
AP Chemistry Coursework 2023-2024
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1twAPq8I3PgJAxuLegWg3QhmzVaboKr024pI3Jw2dV6k/edit?usp=sharing
AP Chemistry Coursework 2023-2024
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1PdDcv94wPd66u-GgsXezeyS-j3Y6eOKZ35oGteASgv4/edit?usp=sharing
Cancer Cells
AP Biology Coursework 2024-2025
Canadian Cancer Society / Société canadienne du cancer. “How Cancer Starts, Grows and Spreads.” Canadian Cancer Society, cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/what-is-cancer/how-cancer-starts-grows-and-spreads. Accessed 6 Dec. 2024.
Microbe Online. "Mechanism of Action of Antiviral Drugs." Microbe Online, 2024, microbeonline.com/mechanism-of-action-of-antiviral-drugs.
California Institute of Technology. "How Do Antiviral Drugs Work?" Science Exchange, 2024, scienceexchange.caltech.edu/topics/covid-19-coronavirus-sars-cov-2/antiviral-drugs.
Sage Journals. "A Review: Mechanism of Action of Antiviral Drugs." Therapeutic Advances in Infectious Disease, 2024, journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/20587384211002621.
N/A
N/A
"Doxycycline." Drugs.com, 2024, www.drugs.com/doxycycline.html. Accessed 28 Dec. 2024.
In this format:
"Doxycycline Monohydrate: What Is It?" GoodRx, 2024, www.goodrx.com/doxycycline-monohydrate/what-is. Accessed 28 Dec. 2024.
"Overview of Doxycycline: Pharmacology and Uses." PubMed Central (PMC), U.S. National Library of Medicine, 2011, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3062442/. Accessed 28 Dec. 2024.
"Insulin." Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland Clinic, 23 Nov. 2023, my.clevelandclinic.org/health/body/22601-insulin. Accessed 29 Dec. 2024.
"Insulin an Extreme Financial Burden for Over 14 Million Americans Who Use It." Yale News, Yale University, 5 July 2022, news.yale.edu/2022/07/05/insulin-extreme-financial-burden-over-14-americans-who-use-it. Accessed 29 Dec. 2024.
"Spironolactone." MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine, 13 Sept. 2023, medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/a682611.html.
CA Fires
California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection. “Incidents.” CAL FIRE, https://www.fire.ca.gov/incidents. Accessed 11 Jan. 2025.
“Map: See Where Wildfires Are Burning Friday in Los Angeles County.” NBC Los Angeles, https://www.nbclosangeles.com/news/california-wildfires/map-see-where-wildfires-are-burning-friday-in-los-angeles-county/3600911/. Accessed 11 Jan. 2025.
The Guardian. “Los Angeles Fires: The Damage in Maps, Video, and Images.” https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2025/jan/10/los-angeles-fires-the-damage-in-maps-video-and-images. Accessed 11 Jan. 2025.
“California Live Updates: Eaton and Palisades Fires in Los Angeles.” Los Angeles Times, https://www.latimes.com/california/live/2025-01-10/fire-los-angeles-california-eaton-palisades-updates. Accessed 11 Jan. 2025.
“California Wildfires Live Updates.” NBC News, https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/live-blog/california-wildfires-live-updates-rcna187240. Accessed 11 Jan. 2025.
“Satellite Images Show Los Angeles Wildfires and Smoke.” NBC Los Angeles, https://www.nbclosangeles.com/news/california-wildfires/satellite-images-los-angeles-wildfires-smoke/3601965/. Accessed 11 Jan. 2025.
“Hurst Fire in Los Angeles County: Evacuations Lifted.” KCRA, https://www.kcra.com/article/hurst-fire-los-angeles-county-wildfire-evacuations-lifted/63400737. Accessed 11 Jan. 2025.
Ramirez, Stephanie. “Evacuation Map for Los Angeles Fires in California.” USA Today, https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2025/01/11/fires-evacuation-map-los-angeles-california/77632085007/. Accessed 11 Jan. 2025.
“California Fire Maps: Palisades, Eaton, Hurst Fires.” CBS News, https://www.cbsnews.com/news/california-fire-maps-palisades-eaton-hurst-2025/. Accessed 11 Jan. 2025.
The New York Times. “Los Angeles Fire Maps: California Wildfires in Detail.” https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2025/01/08/weather/los-angeles-fire-maps-california.html. Accessed 11 Jan. 2025.
AP Biology Coursework (CED) 2024-2025
Meiosis
AP Biology Coursework (CED) 2024-2025
Mendelian Genetics
AP Biology Coursework (CED) 2024-2025
Kuru Disease
Anthroholic Anthroholic helps the world learn Anthropology for Free. We strive to provide comprehensive and high quality content for deep understanding of the discipline. Articles: 467, et al. “Kuru Disease (Anthropology).” Anthroholic, 27 Feb. 2024, anthroholic.com/kuru-disease.
AP Biology Coursework (CED) 2024-2025
AP Biology Coursework (CED) 2024-2025
Transcription and RNA Processing
AP Biology Coursework (CED) 2024-2025
AP Biology Coursework (CED) 2024-2025
AP Biology Coursework (CED) 2024-2025
AP Biology Coursework (CED) 2024-2025
Young, M. (2024, September 7). AI generates music from text with groundbreaking FLUX system. DEV. Retrieved February 23, 2025, from https://dev.to/mikeyoung44/ai-generates-music-from-text-with-groundbreaking-flux-system-kea
Verreydt, G. (2024, April 30). AI on groundwater fluxes iFLUX. iFLUX Blogs. Retrieved February 23, 2025, from https://blogs.iflux.be/ai-on-groundwater-fluxes
Ferguson, M. (2025, February 19). Topaz Labs elevates video enhancement with ‘Project Starlight’ AI breakthrough. OPENTOOLS. Retrieved February 23, 2025, from https://opentools.ai/news/topaz-labs-elevates-video-enhancement-with-project-starlight-ai-breakthrough
Macaulay, T. (2020, October 21). New AI-powered sensor measures starlight distortion to help discover new planets. The Next Web. Retrieved February 23, 2025, from https://thenextweb.com/news/new-ai-powered-sensor-measures-starlight-distortion-to-help-discover-new-planets
AP Biology Coursework (CED) 2024-2025
AP Biology Coursework (CED) 2024-2025
Resource Links:
https://www.fire.ca.gov/incidents
https://www.airbnb.com/
https://www.lahsa.org/
https://www.lafoodbank.org/
https://wck.org/
https://www.calfund.org/
https://cafirefoundation.org/
https://lafla.org/
https://www.sce.com/
https://www.socalgas.com/
https://www.fire.ca.gov/incidents
https://ready.lacounty.gov/